The FBI appeared to go beyond the scope of existing legal guidance in
seeking certain kinds of internet records from Twitter as recently as last
year, legal experts said, citing
two warrantless surveillance orders the social
media company published on Friday.
Twitter said its disclosures were the first time the company had been
allowed to publicly reveal the secretive orders, which were delivered with gag
orders when they were issued in 2015 and 2016. Their publication follows
similar disclosures in recent months by other major internet companies,
including Alphabet's Google and Yahoo.
Each of the two new orders, known as national security letters (NSLs),
specifically request a type of data known as electronic communication
transaction records, which can include some email header data and browsing
history, among other information.
In doing so, the orders bolster the belief among privacy advocates that
the FBI has routinely used NSLs to seek internet records beyond the limitations
set down in a 2008 Justice Department legal memo, which concluded such orders
should be constrained to phone billing records.
The FBI did not immediately respond to a request for comment. An FBI
inspector general report from 2014 indicated that it disagreed with the memo's
guidance.
In a blog post announcing the two NSL disclosures, Twitter said it did
not hand over all the information the FBI requested.
"While the actual NSLs request a large amount of data, Twitter
provides a very limited set of data in response to NSLs consistent with federal
law and interpretive guidance from the U.S. Department of Justice,"
Elizabeth Banker, associate general counsel at Twitter, wrote.
The identity of the accounts sought by the FBI are redacted in both of
the NSLs.
Andrew Crocker, a staff attorney at the Electronic Frontier Foundation,
said the orders disclosed Friday were among a small handful of those publicly
released that show the FBI continues to ask for internet records despite the
2008 guidance.
"This is an ongoing practice and it is significantly beyond the
scope of what is intended," said Crocker, whose organization is
challenging the constitutionality of NSLs in the Ninth U.S. Circuit Court of
Appeals. Twitter has also sued the government to more freely discuss NSLs.
National security letters are a type of government order for
communications data sent to service providers. They are usually issued with a
gag order, meaning the target is often unaware that records are being accessed,
and they do not require a warrant.
They have been available as a law enforcement tool since the 1970s, but
their frequency and breadth expanded dramatically under the USA Patriot Act,
which was passed shortly after the Sept. 11, 2001, attacks. Tens of thousands
of NSLs are issued annually.
In June of last year the U.S. Senate narrowly rejected a
Republican-backed proposal to expand the kinds of telephone and internet
records the FBI could request under an NSL to include senders and recipients of
emails, some information about websites a person visits and social media log-in
data.
The legislation failed amid opposition from some major technology
companies and civil liberties advocates, but lawmakers have said they intend to
pursue the expansion again.
(This version of the story corrects name of Electronic Frontier
Foundation attorney to Andrew Crocker from Aaron Crocker, paragraph 9)
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